This became the universal standard form of sigma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. In handwritten Greek during the Hellenistic period (4th–3rd century BC), the epigraphic form of Σ was simplified into a C-like shape, which has also been found on coins from the 4th century BC onward. Lunate sigma The Madaba Map, a sixth-century mosaic of Jerusalem ( Η ΑΓΙΑ ΠΟΛΙ Ϲ) uses the lunate sigma A plaque reading " Metochion of Gethsemane" ( Μετόχιον Γεθσημανῆς) in Jerusalem, with a lunate sigma both at the end and in the middle of the word
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Alternatively, the name may have been a Greek innovation that simply meant 'hissing', from the root of σίζω ( sízō, from Proto-Greek *sig-jō 'I hiss'). Īccording to one hypothesis, the name "sigma" may continue that of Phoenician samekh ( ), the letter continued through Greek xi, represented as Ξ.
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Herodotus reports that "san" was the name given by the Dorians to the same letter called "sigma" by the Ionians. Sigma's original name may have been san, but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, san came to be identified as a separate letter in the Greek alphabet, represented as Ϻ. The shape (Σς) and alphabetic position of sigma is derived from the Phoenician letter ( shin). The Latin letter S derives from sigma while the Cyrillic letter Es derives from a lunate form of this letter. In Ὀδυσσεύς (Odysseus), for example, the two lowercase sigmas (σ) in the center of the name are distinct from the word-final sigma (ς) at the end. When used at the end of a letter-case word (one that does not use all caps), the final form (ς) is used.
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In general mathematics, uppercase Σ is used as an operator for summation. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. Sigma ( / ˈ s ɪ ɡ m ə/ SIG-mə uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς Greek: σίγμα) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet.